Ngo-1873, isazi sezibalo saseBrithani uMaxwell safingqa i-equation ye-electromagnetic equation - uMaxwell equation.I-equation ibonisa ukuthi: ukushaja kagesi kungakhiqiza insimu kagesi, yamanje ingakhiqiza insimu yamagnetic, futhi insimu kagesi eshintshayo ingabuye ikhiqize insimu kazibuthe, futhi insimu yamagnetic eshintshayo ingakhiqiza insimu kagesi, ebikezela ukuba khona kwamagagasi kagesi.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nane kamuva, ngo-1887, isazi sefiziksi saseJalimane u-Heinrich Hertz waklama uthi lokuqala lokuhlola ubukhona bamaza kagesi.Ukuxhumana okungenantambo kwaqala ngo-1901 lapho isazi sefiziksi sase-Italy u-Gulimo Marconi sisebenzisa uthi olukhulu ukuxhumana phezu kolwandle.
Umsebenzi oyisisekelo we-antenna: Isetshenziselwa ukuguqula amandla amanje (noma amagagasi aqondisiwe) abe yigagasi lomsakazo futhi iwadlulisele esikhaleni ngokuya ngokusabalalisa okunqunywe kusengaphambili.Uma isetshenziselwa ukwamukela, iguqula amandla egagasi lomsakazo isuke emkhathini ibe amandla amanje (noma amagagasi aqondiswayo).
Ngakho-ke, i-antenna ingabhekwa njengedivaysi yokuguqula igagasi eliqondisiwe kanye ne-radiation wave, iyithuluzi lokuguqula amandla.
Ukuzuza kwe-antenna
Isici esibalulekile se-antenna, ngaphandle kokuthi isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa noma ukwamukela, ukuzuza kwe-antenna.
Eminye imithombo ye-antenna ikhipha amandla ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, futhi lolu hlobo lwemisebe lubizwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-isotropic.Kufana nelanga elikhipha amandla kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.Ebangeni eligxilile, amandla elanga akalwa kunoma iyiphi i-engeli azoba cishe afanayo.Ngakho-ke, ilanga libhekwa njenge-radiator ye-isotropic.
Wonke amanye ama-antenna anenzuzo ephambene nerediyetha ye-isotropic.Amanye ama-antenna ayaqondisa, okusho ukuthi, amandla amaningi adluliselwa kwezinye izindawo kunakwezinye.Isilinganiso esiphakathi kwamandla asakaza kulezi zinkomba kanye namandla athi i-antenna engasabalalisi iqonde ngqo ibizwa ngokuthi inzuzo.Lapho i-antenna edlulisayo enenzuzo ethile isetshenziswa njengothi eyamukelayo, nayo izoba nenzuzo efanayo yokwamukela.
Iphethini ye-antenna
Ama-antenna amaningi akhipha imisebe eminingi ngakwelinye icala kunakwelinye, futhi imisebe efana nale ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-anisotropic.
Ukuqondiswa kwe-antenna kubhekisela ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwenani elihlobene lenkundla yemisebe ye-antenna kanye nesiqondisindlela sendawo ngaphansi kwesimo sebanga elifanayo endaweni ekude.Amandla enkundla ekude yothi angavezwa ngokuthi
Kuphi, umsebenzi wokuqondisa, ongancikile ebangeni kanye nomthamo we-antenna;Ingabe i-azimuth Angle kanye ne-pitch Angle ngokulandelanayo;Ingabe inombolo yegagasi futhi ubude begagasi.
Umsebenzi wokuqondisa umelwe ngesithombe njengegrafu eqondisayo yothi.Ukuze kube lula umdwebo wendiza, umdwebo ojwayelekile wezinkomba ezimbili zendiza ye-orthogonal eyinhloko.
Iphethini ye-antenna iwumfanekiso oyisithombe wokusatshalaliswa kwendawo yamandla emisebe ye-antenna.Ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza, izimpondo kufanele zithole amasignali ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela hhayi kwezinye (isb. Izimpondo ze-TV, izimpondo ze-rada), ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpondo zemoto kufanele zikwazi ukwamukela amasignali kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela ezingaba khona zesidluliseli.
Ukuqondisa okufunayo kufinyelelwa ngohlaka oluhlosiwe lwemishini nogesi lwe-antenna.Ukuqondisa kukhombisa umphumela wokwamukela noma wokudlulisa wothi uye ohlangothini oluthile.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zehluzo zingasetshenziswa ukuhlela ukuma kwe-antenna - izixhumanisi ze-cartesian ne-polar.Kugrafu ephothuliwe, iphuzu liboniswa endizeni exhumanisayo eduze kwe-eksisi yokuzungezisa (irediyasi), futhi igrafu ephothuliwe yemisebe iyalinganiswa.Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Uma inani eliphakeme legrafu yokuma kwendawo lilingana no-1, igrafu yokuma ibizwa ngokuthi igrafu yokuma okujwayelekile, futhi umsebenzi wokuma ohambisanayo ubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokuma kokujwayelekile.I-Emax inamandla enkambu kagesi ekuqondeni kwemisebe ephezulu, kanti amandla enkundla kagesi abheke ebangeni elifanayo.
Umdwebo wesiqondiso sobudlelwane phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla kanye nesiqondiso semisebe ubizwa ngokuthi umdwebo wesiqondiso samandla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-14-2023
